Assertive Sentences

 tenses में परिवर्तन सम्बन्धी नियम (Rules for the change of Tenses)

 

Rule 1: यदि Reporting Verb, Present अथवा Future Tense मे हो। तो Reported Speech के Verb के Tense में किसी प्रकार का परिवर्तन नहीं करते हैं । 

जैसे:

Direct - Ram says, "Hari has gone to Agra."

Indirect - Ram says that Hari has gone to Agra.

Direct - Sohan will say, "Asha is very intelligent."

Indirect - Sohan will say that Asha is very intelligent.

Direct - He has said to me, "Ravi will join the camp."

Indirect - He has told me that Ravi will join the camp.

 

Note : say, says या said को Indirect Speech में tell, tells या told में उस समय बदलते है, जब इसके बाद Object (कर्म ) हो । यदि say, says या said के बाद Object न हो तो उन्हें नहीं बदलते ।

Rule 2: यदि Reporting Verb, Past Tense में हो , तो Reported Speech के Tense में परिवर्तन होता है ।

a) Simple Present Tense बदलकर Simple Past Tense हो जाता है। जैसे :

Direct - Mohan said, "Raman tells a lie."

Indirect - Mohan said that Raman told a lie.

 

b) Present Continuous या Imperfect को Past Continuous या Imperfect में बदल देते है । जैसे:

Direct - Sonu said to me, "Rakesh is writing a book."

Indirect - Sonu told me that Rakesh was writing a book.

 

c) Present Perfect Tense को Past Perfect Tense में बदल देते है। जैसे:

Direct - Ramesh said, "Raman has completed his work."

Indirect - Ramesh said that Raman had completed his work.

 

d) Present Perfect Continuous को Past Perfect Continuous में बदल देते हैं । जैसे:

Direct - He said, "It has been raining since morning."

Indirect - He said that it had been raining since morning.

 

e) Past Indefinite को बदल कर Past Perfect में कर देते हैं । जैसे:

Direct - He said, "The horse died in the night ."

Indirect - He said that the horse had died in the night.

 

f) Past Continuous को Past Perfect Continuous में बदल देते हैं । जैसे:

Direct - He said, "The students were learning their lessons."

Indirect - He said that the students had been learning their lessons.

 

g) Past Perfect Tense तथा Past Perfect Continuous में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता है। जैसे:

1. Direct - He said, "Uma had won the match."

    Indirect - He said that Uma had won the match.

2. Direct - She said, "Uma had been reading for two hours."

    Indirect - She said that Uma had been reading for two hours.

 

h) यदि Reporting Verb भूतकाल (Past Tense) में है, तो Reported Speech में आने वाले 'shall' को should एवं 'will' को would में बदल देते है। जैसे:

1. Direct - I said, "I shall play."

    Indirect - I said that I should play.

2. Direct - She said, "Uma will see a picture."

    Indirect - She said that Uma would see a picture.

 

i) यदि Reporting Verb Past Tense में है, तो Reported Speech में आने वाले 'can' को could तथा 'may' को might में बदल देते है । परन्तु 'must', 'ought', 'could', 'would', 'might', 'had better' तथा 'used to' में परिवर्तन नहीं होता है । जैसे :

 

1. Direct - I said, "I can jump into the river."

    Indirect - I said that I could jump into the river.

2. Direct - She said, "The boy may go."

    Indirect - She said that the boy might go.

3. Direct - The teacher said, "Ram must be awarded."

    Indirect - I said that Ram must be awarded.

4. Direct - She said to me, "I should have tried harder."

    Indirect - She told me that I should have tried harder.

 

Tense सम्बन्धी नियम के अपवाद (Exceptions)

नीचे लिखी दशाओ में Reporting Verb, Past Tense में होते हुए भी Reported Speech का Tense नहीं बदलता है :

(1) जब कोई सदा सत्य रहने वाली बात (Universal Truth) कही जाए; जैसे :

1. Direct - The teacher said, "The earth moves around the sun."

    Indirect - The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.

2. Direct - He said, "The sun rises in the east."

    Indirect - He said that the sun rises in the east.

 

(2) जब कोई आदत सम्बन्धी सत्य (Habitual fact) कहा जाए; जैसे:

1. Direct - Hari said to Ravi, "Dogs bark at the strangers."

    Indirect - Hari told Ravi that dogs bark at the strangers.

2. Direct - The teacher said, "When the cat is away, the mice play."

    Indirect - The teacher said that when the cat is away, the mice play.

 

(3) जब कोई कहावत (Proverb) कही जाए; जैसे:

    Direct - Hari said, "Honesty is the best policy."

    Indirect - Hari said that honesty is the best policy.

 

(4) जब किसी ऐतिहासिक घटना (Historical fact) का जिक्र हो; जैसे:

    Direct - The History teacher said, "Samudra Gupta is called the Napoleon of India."

    Indirect - The History teacher said that Samudra Gupta is called the Napoleon of India.

 

  

Assertive Sentences Part 2

 

Persons में परिवर्तन के नियम (Rules for the change of Persons)

 

Rule 1: Direct से Indirect बनाते समय Reported Speech के First Person के Pronouns (I, me, my, mine, we, us, ours) को Reporting Verb के Subject के Person, Number और Gender के अनुसार बदल देते है । जैसे :

1. Direct - I said, "I do not like that book."

    Indirect - I said that I did not like that book.

2. Direct - You said, "I am learning my lesson."

    Indirect - you said that you were learning your lesson.

3. Direct - They said, "We want to go to Delhi."

    Indirect - They said that they wanted to go to Delhi.

 

Rule 2: Direct से Indirect में परिवर्तन करते समय Reported Speech में आये हुए Second Person के Pronouns('you', 'your', 'yours') को reporting Verb के Object के Person, Number और Gender के अनुसार बदल देते है । जैसे :

1. Direct - He said to me, "You are happy."

    Indirect - He told me that I was happy.

2. Direct - You said to him, "You are very sad."

    Indirect - You told him that you were very sad.

3. Direct - He said to them, "You are not doing any work."

    Indirect - He told them that they were not doing any work.

 

Rule 3: Direct से Indirect में परिवर्तन करते समय Reported Speech में आये हुए Third Person के Pronouns (he, she, it, they, his, her, its, their, him, them) में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं करते है । जैसे :

1. Direct - He said, "He is a postman."

    Indirect - He said that he was a postman.

2. Direct - You said, "She is not a good girl."

    Indirect - You said that she was not a good girl.

3. Direct -  Alam said to Kriya, "I shall always help you."

    Indirect - He told them that he(Alam) would always help her(Kriya).

 

Table of Changes in Pronouns :

 

Person	Nominative or Subjective form	Objective form	Possessive form
First Person	I, We	me, us	my, mine, our, ours
Second Person	You	you	your, yours
Third Person	He She It They	him her it them	his her, hers its their, theirs

 

Assertive Sentences Part 3

 

समय या स्थिति की निकटता सूचक शब्दों को बदलने के नियम (Rules for change of words expressing nearness of time or position)

 

Rule 1: Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त समय अथवा स्थिति की निकटता (nearness of time or position) सूचक शब्दों को दूरी प्रकट करने वाले शब्दों में बदल देते हैं । जैसे :

ago : before

come : go

hence : thence

hither : thither

here : there

just : then

now : then

this : that

these : those

thus : so

to-night : that night

today : that day

tomorrow : the next day or the following day

yesterday : the previous day or the day before

last night/week/year : the previous night/week/year

next week/month/year : the following week/month/year

yesterday morning : the previous morning or the morning before

 

Examples :

1. Direct - He said to them, "I will leave you now."

    Indirect - He told them that he would leave them then.

2. Direct - Ritesh said to Komal, "I cannot go with you till next Monday."

    Indirect - Ritesh told Komal that he could not go with him till the following Monday.

3. Direct - He said to me, "I came here yesterday."

    Indirect - He told me that he had gone there the previous day.

 

Rule 2: यदि this, here और now आदि किसी ऐसी वस्तु या स्थान या समय की और संकेत करे जो कहते समय वक्ता के सामने उपस्थित हो तो Indirect बनाते समय उनमे कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता, बल्कि उन्हें ज्यो का त्यों रख देते है। जैसे :

1. Direct - He said to me, "This is my house."

    Indirect - He told me that this was his house.

2. Direct - The leader says, "I am glad to be here this morning.."

    Indirect - The leader says that he is glad to be here this morning.

3. Direct - He said to me, "I will do it now."

    Indirect - He told me that he would do it now.

 

Rule 3: This या these का प्रयोग यदि समय की ऒर संकेत के लिए होता है तो Indirect में इनको that या those में ही बदलते हैं । पर यदि this या these का प्रयोग Adjectives की भाँति हुआ है तो Indirect बनाते समय that या those के स्थान पर the का प्रयोग भी कर सकते हैं।

 

Examples :

1. Direct - He said, "We are going for a party this week."

    Indirect - He said that they were going for a party that week.

2. Direct - she said, "I am preparing for the test these days"

    Indirect - The leaders say that he was preparing for the test those days.

3. Direct - He said, "I have typed all these essays"

    Indirect - He said that he had typed all the essays.

or

   He said that he had typed all those essays.

 

कुछ विशेष परिवर्तन (Some important changes):

A. कभी-कभी Reported Speech में कुछ Nouns, Vocative case में आ जाते है, Indirect Narration में  परिवर्तन करते समय वे Reporting Verb के Object बन जाते हैं । जैसे :

1. Direct - Hemant said, "Ashok, I shall give you a book."

    Indirect - Hemant told Ashok that he would give him a book.

2. Direct - "My sons," said the old farmer, "I am planting these trees for you."

    Indirect - The old farmer told his sons that he was planting those trees for them.

 

B. यदि Inverted Commas के अंदर सम्बोधन के शब्द (Terms of address) का प्रयोग हो, तो उनको objects में बदल देते है या फिर उन्हें address....as के बाद रखते हैं । जैसे :

Direct - "Naughty boy," said his mother, "You have been fighting again."

Indirect - Addressing her son as a naughty boy the mother said that he had been fighting again.

 

C. Needn't को Indirect speech में ज्यो का त्यों रहने देते हैं । जैसे :

Direct - He said to his wife, "I needn't go there now."

Indirect - He told his wife that he needn't go there then.

D. यदि Inverted Commas के भीतर "well" या "you see" शब्द हो तो Indirect बनाते समय इन शब्दों को हटा देते हैं क्योकि ये निरर्थक शब्द हैं । जैसे :

1. Direct - Hemant said, "Well Ashok, I shall give you a book."

    Indirect - Hemant told Ashok that he would give him a book.

2. Direct - The mother said, "You see, I am planting these trees for you."

    Indirect - The mother said that she was planting those trees for them.

 

E. जिन शर्त बताने वाले (conditional) वाक्यो से काल्पनिक अथवा अवास्तविक स्थिति का बोध होता है, उनमे अवास्तविक भूतकाल (Unreal past tense) का प्रयोग होता है । Indirect Speech में इनमे कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता है । जैसे :

Direct - He said, "If my college was near the house I would always be on time."

Indirect - He said that if her college was near the house she would always be on time.

 

F. Reported Speech में thank you का प्रयोग होने पर Indirect Speech में Reporting verb को thanked में बदल देते हैं । इसी तरह Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त hope, feel आदि को भी Reporting Verb बना देते हैं । जैसे -

1. Direct - The pupil said to the teacher, "Thank you, sir, for your help."

Indirect - The pupil respectfully thanked the teacher for his help.

2. Direct - She said, "I hope my mother will come tomorrow."

Indirect - She hoped that my mother would come the next day.